Monitor indoor air quality using a reliable chart that lists key pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, radon, and volatile organic compounds along with their recommended exposure limits based on EPA, OSHA, and WHO standards. Identify the main sources of these pollutants in your home, such as fuel-burning appliances, pressed wood products, cleaning supplies, and poor ventilation. Take proactive steps to reduce pollutant levels by properly maintaining combustion equipment, choosing low-VOC products, increasing fresh air ventilation, and using high-efficiency air filters in your HVAC system. Regularly test indoor air quality with home monitoring devices or professional assessments to ensure pollutant levels remain within the acceptable ranges outlined in the indoor air quality standards chart.

Key Indoor Air Pollutants
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are chemicals emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. Many common household products like paints, varnishes, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials, and furnishings contain VOCs. Concentrations can be up to ten times higher indoors than outdoors. Exposure to VOCs can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment. Some VOCs may also cause cancer. The EPA has not set specific standards for VOCs, but they recommend reducing exposure by selecting low-emitting products, properly ventilating during and after use of VOC-containing products, and not storing opened containers of unused paints and similar materials. Maintaining good ventilation, using air cleaners with activated carbon filters, and allowing new furnishings and building materials to off-gas before occupancy can help reduce indoor VOC levels and meet general indoor air quality guidelines.
Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM) refers to tiny particles suspended in the air, classified by size. PM10 are inhalable particles 10 micrometers or smaller, while PM2.5 are fine particles 2.5 micrometers or less. Common indoor sources include cooking, smoking, fireplaces, and candles. Outdoors, PM originates from vehicle emissions, wildfires, and industrial activities. Exposure to PM can cause respiratory issues, aggravate asthma and allergies, and contribute to cardiovascular problems. Smaller particles pose greater health risks as they penetrate deep into the lungs. The EPA has set standards for PM2.5 at 12 μg/m3 annually and 35 μg/m3 over 24 hours, and for PM10 at 150 μg/m3 over 24 hours. To reduce indoor PM levels, maintain proper ventilation, use air purifiers with HEPA filters, and minimize sources like smoking and burning candles or incense.
Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are both colorless, odorless gases that can impact indoor air quality. CO is a toxic byproduct of incomplete combustion from sources like gas stoves, furnaces, and vehicles, while CO2 comes from human respiration and combustion. Safe CO levels should not exceed 9 ppm over 8 hours, while CO2 levels above 1000 ppm can cause drowsiness and poor air quality. To maintain healthy levels, ensure proper ventilation, regularly maintain combustion appliances, and consider using CO alarms and CO2 monitors. Improving air circulation and introducing fresh outdoor air can help dilute and remove these gases from indoor spaces.
Indoor Air Quality Standards Chart

Improving Indoor Air Quality
Source Control
To reduce or eliminate indoor air pollutants at the source, start by selecting low-emitting building materials, furnishings, and cleaning products. Look for items labeled as low-VOC or zero-VOC, which release fewer volatile organic compounds into the air. Ensure proper ventilation during renovation projects or when using chemicals like paint or adhesives. Regularly clean and maintain HVAC systems, replacing filters as recommended by the manufacturer. Address moisture issues promptly to prevent mold growth, and use exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms to remove humidity and cooking fumes. Consider implementing a no-smoking policy indoors, as tobacco smoke contains numerous pollutants. Lastly, incorporate natural ventilation by opening windows when weather permits, and introduce air-purifying plants like spider plants, peace lilies, or snake plants to help filter the air naturally. By targeting pollutants at their source and maintaining a clean, well-ventilated environment, you can significantly improve indoor air quality and create a healthier living space.

Ventilation
Proper ventilation is crucial for maintaining healthy indoor air quality. It helps dilute and remove pollutants, moisture, and stale air while introducing fresh outdoor air. Ventilation systems should be designed to provide adequate air exchange rates based on the space’s size, occupancy, and activities. Regular maintenance, including cleaning or replacing filters, is essential for optimal performance. Natural ventilation through open windows can also help when weather permits. However, in areas with high outdoor pollution or allergens, mechanical ventilation with filtration is preferable. Kitchens and bathrooms require additional spot ventilation to remove cooking fumes, odors, and excess humidity. Monitoring carbon dioxide levels can help assess if ventilation is sufficient, with levels above 1000 ppm indicating poor ventilation. By ensuring proper ventilation, you can significantly improve indoor air quality and create a healthier living or working environment.
Air Cleaning Devices
To help meet indoor air quality standards, various air cleaning devices are available. Air purifiers equipped with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters can remove at least 99.97% of airborne particles 0.3 microns or larger, including dust, pollen, mold, and bacteria. Activated carbon filters are effective at adsorbing gases, odors, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For larger spaces, whole-house air cleaners can be installed in HVAC systems to filter the air throughout the entire home. UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems use ultraviolet light to inactivate microorganisms and can be used in conjunction with filtration. Portable air cleaners are also available for spot treatment in specific rooms. When selecting an air cleaning device, consider the size of the space, the specific pollutants of concern, and the device’s Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR). Regular maintenance, such as replacing filters, is crucial for optimal performance.
Conclusion
Maintaining healthy indoor air quality is essential for the well-being of you and your loved ones. By understanding the key pollutants and their recommended limits, you can take proactive steps to monitor and improve the air you breathe at home. Simple actions like using eco-friendly cleaning supplies, ensuring proper ventilation, and regularly maintaining your HVAC system can make a significant difference. For even greater control and convenience, consider integrating air quality monitoring into your smart home systems. By staying informed and taking action, you can create a healthier, more comfortable living environment for your family. Embrace the power of knowledge and technology to elevate your home’s air quality and enjoy the peace of mind that comes with breathing cleaner, fresher air every day.